ZELLIGE

One of the most striking features of Moroccan architecture is Zellige; the creation of an intricate mosaic design using hand-cut, glazed clay tiles. The word "Zellige" comes from Arabic الزليج (al zulaycha) meaning “little polished stone”. This ornamental technique is typical of Maghrebi architecture: an assembly of glazed terracotta tile fragments of different colors to create a geometric pattern.

The origins of Zellige date back to at least the 10th century, yet the technique remains almost unchanged today. Early examples are found in the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, built in 836 AD. Historians attribute the spread of mosaic art to the Romans and Byzantines as an antiquity, but the technique likely spread to Morocco through Andalusian artisans who migrated following the Reconquista. For centuries, Zellige has graced the monumental doors of medinas, the walls and floors of palaces and mosques, and the linings of hammams, fountains and ornamental basins. Their geometric patterns and color combinations are fascinatingly complex and beautiful.

The creation of Zellige involves meticulous handcrafting techniques that have been refined over centuries. Moroccan artisans, known as maâlems, have played a crucial role in the development and preservation of Zellige. These skilled craftsmen undergo extensive training, often through apprenticeships, or passed down from generation to generation, to master the techniques required to create the mosaics.

The process begins with the preparation of natural clay, which is shaped into square tiles and dried in the sun. Once dried, these tiles are glazed with vivid colors then fired in kilns at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1,000 degrees Celsius. After firing, using a sample shape, the maalem scribes around the edges with a nail or stick. The tiles are hand-cut into precise geometric shapes using a tool known as a menqach; it resembles a big, two-sided hammer, but both ends have a sharp edge. 

Each tile, called a ‘tessera’, is carefully crafted to fit into a larger geometric pattern, creating elaborate designs that are both visually stunning and structurally significant for Moroccan Architecture. Vibrant colors such as cobalt blue, emerald green, saffron yellow, and ruby red are commonly used, each carrying symbolic meanings

Blue- protection and spirituality

Green- paradise

Red- power and bravery. 

Yellow- optimism and happiness

Once all the pieces are placed in the desired pattern, the Maalem places a metal frame around the work. Then a slurry mixture of cement is poured on top, just level with the surface. He lets it dry until it is as hard as stone. Later the whole piece is lifted upright and the colorful front is revealed.

While Zellige represents centuries of Moroccan artistic heritage and craftsmanship, its intricate tilework and vibrant color schemes have established the artform as a lasting contribution to architecture and design in Morocco and throughout the world.

Zellige walls at Riad Jardine Secret

Zellige walls at Izza,